The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was one of the earliest urban cultures of the world. It flourished around 3300–1300 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Archaeological findings suggest that this civilization was vast, complex, and had diverse socio-religious and cultural structures. Below, we explore seven key aspects of the Harappan Civilization, shedding light on its branches, religious beliefs, and cultural influences.
1. The Extensive Reach of the Harappan Civilization
The Harappan Civilization was spread over a vast area, covering present-day Pakistan, northwest India, and parts of Afghanistan. Numerous sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal have been excavated, revealing the civilization’s urban planning, trade networks, and architectural prowess. The vastness of the civilization suggests multiple branches or regional variations within its culture.
2. Discovery and Excavation of Harappan Sites
Archaeologists have uncovered many Harappan sites that offer insight into the lives of its people. The discovery of planned cities with drainage systems, brick houses, and granaries suggests an advanced understanding of urban development. Excavations have revealed various tools, pottery, and inscriptions, indicating a literate society engaged in trade and craftsmanship.
3. The Prevalence of Buffalo Sacrifice Before the Mother Goddess
One of the intriguing aspects of Harappan religious beliefs is the presence of deities associated with nature. Some scholars suggest that Buffalo Sacrifice, a form of a powerful male deity, was worshipped before the widespread veneration of the Mother Goddess. This deity is believed to represent cosmic energy, closely linked to later Shaivite traditions.
4. Usha Harappa as the Mother of Civilization
According to D.D. Kosambi and Debiprasad Chattopadhyay, Usha was considered the mother of the Harappan civilization. Harappan Usha was likely associated with the colors red and black. The red vermilion in the middle of black hair served as her symbol. The invocation (Bodhan) of Matrika Usha was performed during Sharodiya celebrations
5. Harappan Civilization and Tantra Traditions
Many researchers argue that the Harappan Civilization was deeply connected to Tantra traditions. Symbols and inscriptions found at Harappan sites suggest the presence of esoteric spiritual practices. The civilization’s emphasis on nature worship, fertility cults, and spiritual consciousness aligns with Tantric principles. The concept of the divine was not associated with prophetic religions or monotheistic deities like Allah or God but was instead rooted in an omnipresent, primal energy.
6. The Pashupati Seal and the Motherhood Cult
One of the most famous artifacts of the Harappan Civilization is the so-called Pashupati seal, which depicts a figure in a yogic posture, surrounded by animals. Many modern researchers believe that this figure represents not just a proto-Shiva form but also a priest or guru of the Harappan motherhood cult. This suggests that the civilization revered both male and female divine principles, with a strong inclination towards maternal worship.
7. Hairstyles and Cultural Continuity in Later Civilizations
Archaeological evidence, as noted by Atul Sur, suggests that specific hairstyles were popular among Harappan women. After the decline of the Harappan Civilization, elements of its maternal worship and cultural traditions seem to have migrated eastward. The Chandraketugarh-Gangaridai Civilization, which emerged about 2000 years ago, retained many maternal elements, including specific hair designs symbolizing fertility and motherhood. This indicates a continuity of Harappan traditions in later Indian civilizations.
Conclusion
The Harappan Civilization was not just an urban marvel but also a center of deep spiritual and cultural evolution. Its connection with Tantra, maternal worship, and nature reverence sets it apart from later Vedic traditions. The civilization’s influence persisted long after its decline, leaving an indelible mark on Indian spiritual and cultural heritage. Further research may unveil even deeper links between the Harappan people and later societies, reinforcing their significant role in shaping early Indian civilization.
