Kolkata, a city where history whispers through its streets, holds a unique legacy—its tram system. As much a part of the city’s identity as rasgulla and mishti doi, the tram has been a silent witness to Kolkata’s transformation. Yet today, this once-thriving mode of transport has been relegated to a near-forgotten relic, struggling to find relevance in the fast-paced urban landscape.
The Birth of Trams in Kolkata
The story of Kolkata’s trams began 152 years ago, in 1873, when the first horse-drawn trams started operations. The system initially had 177 trams pulled by a fleet of 1,000 horses. However, financial difficulties led to its closure. A fresh attempt in 1880 saw the return of trams, but it wasn’t until 1902 that the city witnessed a groundbreaking innovation—the launch of electric trams, making Kolkata the first city in Asia to have an electric tram system.
Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, played a key role in establishing the electric tram network. His primary motivation, however, was not public welfare but rather the efficient movement of goods for the British East India Company. As Kolkata was a vital port city, the tram network was designed to transport cargo from ships docked at the Hooghly River to warehouses across the city. The first electric tram ran on March 27, 1902, from Esplanade to Khidirpur, marking the beginning of a long-standing relationship between Kolkata and its trams.
Evolution and Decline
The tram network expanded over the years, connecting various parts of Kolkata. However, post-independence, the West Bengal government acquired the Calcutta Tramways Company (CTC) in 1967, marking the beginning of state-controlled operations. Despite its historical and environmental significance, Kolkata’s tram system has seen a steady decline over the decades. The rise of modern transportation, including buses, the metro, and flyovers, has led to the systematic dismantling of tram lines under various pretexts.
Currently, Kolkata remains the only city in India where trams still operate, albeit in a limited capacity. Once covering extensive routes, the tram now runs on only a few select corridors, such as Shyambazar to Dharmatala, Bidhan Nagar to Howrah, Gariahat to Dharmatala, Khidirpur to Shaheed Minar, Tollygunge to Ballygunge, and Rajabazar to Bidhannagar. A special air-conditioned tram service also runs from Shyambazar to Dharmatala, attracting passengers even in the sweltering heat.
Can the Tram Be Saved?
Despite the steady decline in ridership—from 75,000 daily passengers to around 15,000 today—there is still hope for Kolkata’s trams. The introduction of air-conditioned single-coach trams has demonstrated their potential, with increased earnings proving that with modernization and proper management, trams can remain a viable mode of transport.
Historically, trams had a class-based fare system, with first-class fares set higher than second-class. However, in a progressive move, the classification was abolished on August 7, 2011, making all tram compartments equal.
Saving the tram system requires a combination of modern technology, better infrastructure, and public awareness. The tram, a symbol of Kolkata’s heritage, is not just a means of transport but a part of the city’s soul. If we continue to erase such traditions in the name of progress, are we not erasing a part of our identity as Bengalis?
The tram may be struggling, but with the right efforts, it can once again become a cherished and efficient part of Kolkata’s transport system. The question remains: Will we let this historic legacy fade into oblivion, or will we find a way to preserve it for future generations?
